Throat Cancer

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Symptoms and causes of throat cancer

Overview: In this article, I will discuss detail information about Throat cancer so you can easily understand symptoms and prevention without any help of doctor. In the case of throat cancer, it usually develops in the larynx, vocal cords, tonsils, or pharynx. These cancers may be identified more in people who have been exposed to toxins such as cigarettes, smoke, and asbestos. This article here entails the causes of throat cancer together with the diagnosis and prevention that you can practice to eliminate or reduce its possibility to occur. What is throat cancer when the cells in your throat undergo genetic changes, these mutations allow cells to proliferate uncontrollably and remain alive even after healthy cells normally die. These collecting cells in your throat can create cancerous growth ensuing throat cancer. It is a generic term for cancers that occur in the throat (pharyngeal cancer) or the voice box. (laryngeal cancer). Though, It is relatively uncommon compared with other cancer as per the article Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis (healthline.com) The muscular tube that begins behind your nose and ends in your neck has two main areas that doctors call the pharynx and head & neck cancer. These areas are one of the main parts that have the highest risk of cancer. In addition, a voice box that sits just below your throat also is susceptible to throat cancer. Causes The cause of throat cancer, yet, is not clear but there are risk factors that may increase your risk of developing one: •           Tobacco use, including smoking and biting tobacco •           Over-the-top liquor use •           Viral contaminations, including human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr infection •           A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables •           Gastroesophageal reflux infection (GERD) •           Exposed to poisonous substances Signs and symptoms of throat cancer The signs and symptoms of throat cancer often resemble those conditions that are much less serious. In the early stages of the disease, it may be difficult to recognize the symptoms. Because Many of the symptoms of it, such as a sore throat or hoarseness, are the same as those of a head cold as throat cancer is a type of head and neck cancer. Early detection signs A persistent sore throat you are experiencing might be the most common early warning sign of it. If the sore throat lasts for more than two weeks, you ought to see a doctor immediately. According to the American Cancer Society, sore throat that lasts for more than two weeks can cause serious conditions. Advanced symptoms Numerous symptoms are shared by the three main types of throat cancer: hypopharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer, which includes oral cancers as well.  Nevertheless, much malignant growth of throat cancer doesn’t foster in the beginning phases of the disease. Some signs and symptoms include: If you notice any new, persistent signs and symptoms it is important to make an appointment with your doctor. Because the majority of symptoms of are not specific to the disease, your doctor will probably first diagnose, and provide you required medication, and tests with typical causes. Diagnosis of throat cancer Your doctor will want to know about your symptoms as well as your medical history. They may suspect cancer in some portion of the throat if you’ve been having symptoms such as a painful throat, hoarseness, and chronic cough with no improvement and no apparent reason. To ensure throat cancer, your doctor will do a direct or indirect laryngoscopy to determine the condition of your throat and the extent of cancer growth. What after the diagnosis If your doctor discovers malignant cells in your throat, the doctor will conduct additional tests to find out the stage of your cancer. The most basic method of staging throat tumors uses a number system ranging from 0 to 4. Depending on where and which part of the throat is the tumor in or the array of its spread in the area. This will help the doctor determine the best treatment options for you. Prevention: There is no quite such method to prevent this cancer but you can lower your risk by: By quitting smoking, you can lower your risk of contracting diseases. The most significant factor in throat cancers is smoking. Additionally, it notably increases tobacco smoke’s capacity to cause cancer. So, keeping away from liquor as well as smoking is particularly substantial for your health. Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers have been linked to malnutrition, excess weight, and vitamin deficiencies. Following a good dieting example might assist you with reducing the risk of these tumors. “The American Cancer Society says that eating a healthy diet is better than adding vitamins to a diet that is otherwise unhealthy”. Together with reducing the amount of added fat, sugar, and highly processed, increasing your regular exercise can be beneficial. Oral sex and multiple sex partners are more likely to be infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Individuals who smoke are bound to get HPV contaminations, presumably because the smoke harms their immune system or the cells that line the throat. If you want to lower your chances of getting an oral HPV infection, talk to your doctor about getting the HPV vaccine. Treatment: The treatment of this cancer includes a various number of specialists such as: The oncologist, radiation oncologist, pathologist, and anesthesiologist. Moreover, your treatments will include surgery, radiation therapy (radiotherapy), chemotherapy, or a combination of these depending on the stage and type of cancer. Best Oral Cancer, Thyroid Cancer, Head and Neck Cancer Surgeon in Nepal Dr. Prabhat Chandra Thakur Designation: Consultant & Unit Chief/Program Director Head & Neck Oncology Qualification: MBBS, MS(ORL-HNS), Fellowship Head & Neck Oncology Department: Head and Neck Oncology Unit Special interest: Reconstructive surgery and Minimal Invasive surgery in Head & Neck Contact Now

Head & Neck Cancer Doctor in Nepal

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Head and Neck Cancer Doctor in Nepal

In this article, I will discuss with you how to find head & neck cancer doctor in Nepal and Which qualities should have to be the best cancer doctor. so, let’s start. An oncologist is also known as a cancer expert. An oncologist is a doctor who treats cancer and gives medical care to cancer patients. Some doctors in large cancer centers only treat patients with particular types of cancer. You might be able to find an oncologist who focuses on treating head and neck, breast, prostate, lung, colorectal, or other types of cancer, for example. This is especially useful if you have an uncommon or difficult-to-treat cancer. Think about the qualities you want your doctor to have before you start searching for one. Qualities of the best head & neck cancer doctor Certain suggestions are given below to differentiate the best head and neck cancer doctor based on qualities such as choice; what you would like your doctor to have or the type of cancer you have (medical needs); and what you expect. Aside from these qualities, the doctor should have the following: • Knowledge and expertise • Communication skills • Willingness to answer questions • Availability and accessibility • Care approach based on collaboration Why is it essential for a doctor to have these attributes? Doctors make patients feel at ease and relaxed, listen to their concerns, and explain complex medical ideas in layman’s terms. It is also advantageous to be able to work as part of a team and to listen to various points of view from the patient’s perspective. Understanding the qualities mentioned above and having such qualities in a doctor demonstrates the doctor’s capability and success rate. For instance, Dr. Prabhat Chandra Thakur brings his expertise in Remote access Endoscopic Thyroid & Neck surgery, Endoscopic skull base surgery, and Reconstruction in the Head & Neck at Nepal Cancer Hospital & Research Center, Harisiddhi, Lalitpur. He also has received the GOLD MEDAL AWARD for the best outgoing resident in PGI CHANDIGARH, INDIA. In addition to his Experience in  More Than 5000 Major & Minor Head And Neck Cancer Surgery Along With Reconstruction. The Pioneer Of Scarless Thyroid Surgery (Endoscopic Thyroidectomy) In Nepal, A Procedure Performed At Only A Few Centers In The World. These attributes define him as the best doctor in this sector of head and neck cancer. How to find the best doctor for head and neck cancer You can consider these following steps: Research: To achieve a better result, research must be conducted before any implementation. Making up your mind about what you need and what you should have is possible with the aid of research. Researching cancer, the type of cancer, and the service you require will help you understand the need for searching for a doctor. Get started by conducting an extensive study on head and neck cancer, including its types, stages, treatment options, and potential specialists. Seek out credible sources, such as medical websites and cancer groups. Credentials: Look for cancer specialists, oral surgeons (ear, nose, and throat specialists), and head and neck surgeons who are board-certified. Examine their educational history, training, certifications, and years of expertise in treating head and neck cancer. According to Advanced Data Systems Corporation, medical credentialing verifies that nurses and doctors have received appropriate training and certification, as well as the necessary professional experience to provide healthcare services to patients. It is a critical component of maintaining good safety standards in the medical profession. Experience: Consider doctors with extensive expertise in managing head and neck cancer cases, as they may have a better grasp of the disease and better treatment outcomes. To make a choice a doctor’s work experience should provide you with an understanding of what a Doctor does, how to work in a team in a caring environment, and an understanding of the skills and traits required of a Doctor to have expertise in head and neck cancer. Like, Dr. Prabhat, his engagement his experience, and his knowledge of disease and its cure make him more familiar with the circumstances, and is considered the preferred choice as the best head and neck doctor. Referrals: It necessitates the patient’s trust in a doctor, which is not simple to come by: especially when dealing with a patient’s health. Patients are usually referred to a specialist by their general care physician or a hospital doctor. Although Patient to Patient referrals are much less prevalent, they should still be discussed. Patients facing certain health problems may speak with a friend or family member who is also dealing with a similar problem. In such cases, qualification expertise and experience are more prominent. Communication thereby increases personal preferences as well as referrals amongst family and friends circle. Communication:  Look for feedback from clients and testimonials about the doctors you’re thinking about seeing. These can reveal information about their counseling manner, communication abilities, and general patient satisfaction. Examine reputable online review websites or request referrals from previous patients and doctors. Nonetheless, Active listening and sensitivity go hand in hand when it comes to patients. Being a cancer doctor is a necessary component for better health outcomes, and it is one of the most important aspects because patients frequently regard doctors as a source of mental support. Personal preferences: Doctors and other professionals should improve their communication skills for a variety of reasons, including • the ability to successfully engage with a “difficult” patient; • adjusting for language barriers such as accents or colloquial expressions; and • presenting diagnosis and/or treatment options. • Providing a positive patient experience and a higher level of satisfaction • Improving patient adherence to medications or treatments • Demonstrating empathy for patients/patient care • Gaining a clear grasp of patient needs or medical issues Furthermore, the survivor and the service that the patients receive, determine the preference. While preference is also influenced by availability, accessibility, sort of cancer references, and affordability as well. Various treatment options are available depending on the type of cancer; however, … Read more

Oral Cancer Awareness Month is April 2023

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Oral Cancer Awareness Month 2023

April month is known as oral cancer awareness month, a yearly observance emphasizing the fact that early detection of oral cancer can reduce morbidity and improve long-term survival. The observance also highlights the significance of including oral cancer screenings in routine dental exams. Oral Cancer is the fifth most common cancer in the context of Nepal. In addition, tobacco and alcohol use have increased in Nepal, leading to higher cancer DALYs. Why Oral Cancer: Awareness is Important Several cancers that start in the region of the mouth are known as oral cancer. Oral cancer occurs on the lips, tongue, and floor of the mouth in common but can also affect cheeks, gums, roofs, tonsils, and salivary glands. Oral cancer can spread throughout your mouth and throat to other areas of your head and neck when left untreated. Early screening is therefore necessary. It is important to identify mouth cancer or pre-cancerous lesions in their early stages to increase the likelihood of successful treatment and cure. This involves early detection and removal of cancer or lesions along with awareness in more prone areas and age groups before they become more advanced. Cancer Awareness plays an important role in the reduction of oral cancer cases. How can we celebrate Oral Cancer Awareness Recognizing and comprehending the reality of oral cancer, whether in April or any other month, is important. April is Oral Cancer Awareness Month, which is observed by reminding everyone to perform monthly self-check for oral cancer and by raising awareness about oral cancer which is often ignored but is a serious disease. You must see your medical adviser regularly to maintain yourself and your mouth healthy. Causes There are various reasons to be infected with oral cancer, one of which HPV human papillomavirus is the main risk factor. Other risk factors include: According to the oral cancer doctor, these factors show symptoms that cause pre-cancer or lesions such as white spots in the mouth. Signs The signs and symptoms of this condition include: Dr. Prabhat Chandra Thakur says the most common symptom of oral cancer is when the white spots appear in the mouth and don’t go away even after weeks. Yet people are not aware of it which results in more serious conditions of oral cancer. Early detection is crucial together with oral cancer awareness A stage describes oral cancer’s location, if cancer has grown, or penetrated the surface of the area where it was found. In My 10 years of experience and while working as ENT in Bharatpur on analysis the case of an initial staged patient was comparatively low in contrast to late staged cases. This could be because of a lack of oral cancer awareness. People were not aware of or say usually avoid the conditions until and unless they become serious. Prabhat Chandra Thakur says I have performed more than 5000 major & minor head and neck cancer surgery along with reconstruction. And in this experience, the cases of oral cancer were quite high of those in later stages say 3rd and 4th stages. Oral Cancer awareness should be spread as it is cured if found and treated at an early stage (when it’s small and has not spread). According to the National Institutes of Health, more than 75% i.e. 75 out of 100 people survive their cancer for 1 year or more after they are diagnosed. Around 55 out of 100 people (around 55%) survive their cancer for 5 years or more after diagnosis. Oral Cancer Prevention and Treatment The observance also highlights the significance of including oral cancer screenings in routine dental exams. Preventative measures, such as regular dental checkups and reducing tobacco and alcohol use, can help reduce the risk of developing oral cancer. The best method to reduce your risk of developing oral cancer is to stop smoking or using tobacco products. Even after many years of use, quitting tobacco reduces your chance of developing oral cancers significantly. Treatment for oral cancer may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The majority of people with stage I or II oral cavity cancers respond well to surgery and/or radiation therapy. Another possibility is chemoradiation, which combines chemotherapy and radiation. Both surgery and radiation are effective treatments for oral cancers. Is something abruptly making you feel awful? Don’t put it off. Call us right away to schedule an appointment with the doctor and let us put your mind at ease. Message from the doctor:  We all need to know as adults about oral health when to see the doctor and how oral cancer awareness is vital for early detection and cure. Oral Cancer Questions & Answers What is an interesting fact about oral cancer? Men develop oral cancer considerably more frequently than women, and the risk rises with age. Alcohol use and tobacco use both significantly increase the risk of oral cancer. How do you deal with oral cancer? A full recovery may be feasible with just surgery if the cancer has not advanced past the mouth or the oropharynx, the area of the throat at the rear of the mouth. It may be necessary to combine surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy if the cancer is big or has progressed to your neck. Can you kiss with oral cancer? Some people’s partners are concerned that they could contract cancer through kissing. However, cancer cannot be contracted by another person to reassure them. You and your partner are free to kiss and engage in any other form of physical contact that you find acceptable. What age is oral cancer most common? The age range from 60 to 74 was the most prevalent. Conclusions In Nepal, the trend of HNCs is on the rise, particularly oral malignancies. How long does oral cancer last? Overall, 68% of people with oral cancer survive for 5 years. Diagnosing oral cancer at an early, localized stage significantly increases 5-year survival rates. Can oral cancer spread to the lips? Lips, the tip of your tongue, the roof, and the floor of your mouth are … Read more

What is Oral Cancer ?

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My experience as a oral cancer Surgeon

Oral cancer, also known as mouth cancer, refers to a group of cancers that can occur in various parts of the mouth. Symptoms of oral cancer can resemble common issues such as sores or white patches in the mouth that may bleed. What Causes Oral Cancer? It is also known as mouth cancer or oral cavity cancer, can develop due to a variety of factors. Here are some of the most common causes of mouth cancer: Tobacco use Alcohol consumption Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection Sun exposure Poor oral hygiene Family history Age Gender What Are the Symptoms of Oral Cancer? The symptoms of oral cancer may vary depending on the location and stage of the cancer. The most common symptoms of mouth cancer include: Mouth sores or ulcers that don’t heal within a few weeks Red or white patches in the mouth or on the tongue Pain or difficulty swallowing A persistent sore throat or feeling that something is caught in the throat Hoarseness or a change in voice Numbness or tingling in the mouth or on the lips Swelling or lumps in the mouth, neck, or throat Loose teeth or dentures that no longer fit properly Earache or pain around the ear Unexplained weight loss The symptoms of oral cancer may vary depending on the location and stage of the cancer. The most common symptoms of mouth cancer include: If you notice any of these changes, contact your dentist or health care professional immediately. This is a serious condition that can affect various parts of Lips Gums Tongue Inner lining of the cheeks Roof of the mouth Floor of the mouth (under the tongue) Risks Factors Associated with Oral Cancer There are several risk factors associated include: tobacco and alcohol use, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and a weakened immune system. Prevention of Mouth Cancer Here are some methods for lowering your risk of developing and preventing it: Avoid tobacco and alcohol: Tobacco and alcohol use are two of the most significant risk factors for mouth cancer. If you smoke or chew tobacco, consider quitting. If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation. Practice good oral hygiene: Brush your teeth at least twice a day and floss daily to remove food particles and bacteria that can cause mouth cancer. Get regular dental checkups: Visit your dentist at least twice a year for regular checkups. Your dentist can screen you for oral cancer and detect any signs early. Eat a healthy diet: Eat a diet that is rich in fruits and vegetables, which are high in antioxidants that can help prevent mouth cancer. Protect your lips from the sun: Use a lip balm that contains SPF to protect your lips from the harmful UV rays of the sun. Get vaccinated for HPV: The HPV vaccine can protect against certain strains of HPV that can cause oral cancer. Be aware of the signs and symptoms: If you notice any unusual lumps, bumps, or sores in your mouth or throat, or experience any pain or difficulty swallowing, see your doctor or dentist right away. By following these preventative measures, you can reduce your risk of developing mouth cancer and increase your chances of catching it early, when it is most treatable. FAQ What are the 5 Signs of Oral Cancer? • A sore, irritation, lump or thick patch in your mouth, lip, or throat. • A white or red patch in your mouth. • A sore throat or a feeling that something is caught in your throat. • Difficulty chewing, swallowing, or speaking. • Difficulty moving your jaw or tongue. What Causes Oral Cancer? Risk factors for developing mouth cancer include: smoking or using products that contain tobacco. drinking alcohol – smokers who are also heavy drinkers have a much higher risk compared to the population at large. infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV), the virus that causes genital warts. What is the first stage of Mouth Cancer? Stage 0 cancer or carcinoma in situ (CIS) means your cancer is at a very early stage. Some doctors prefer to call this pre cancer. There are cancer cells but they are all contained within the lining of the mouth. Is Stage 1 Oral Cancer Curable? Stages I and II oral cavity cancer Most patients with stage I or II oral cavity cancers do well when treated with surgery and/or radiation therapy. Is Oral Cancer Painful? The most common symptom of oral cancer is an ulcer or sore in the mouth or on the lip that doesn’t heal. Another common symptom of oral cancer is pain in the mouth that doesn’t go away. Best Oral Cancer, Thyroid Cancer, Head and Neck Cancer Surgeon in Nepal Dr. Prabhat Chandra Thakur Designation: Consultant & Unit Chief/Program Director Head & Neck Oncology Qualification: MBBS, MS(ORL-HNS), Fellowship Head & Neck Oncology Department: Head and Neck Oncology Unit Special interest: Reconstructive surgery and Minimal Invasive surgery in Head & Neck Contact Now

Mouth Cancer

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Know about mouth cancer

What is mouth cancer? Mouth cancer, also known as oral cancer, is a type of cancer that affects the tissues of the mouth and throat. It can develop in any part of the oral cavity, including the lips, tongue, gums, and cheeks, as well as the oropharynx (the back of the throat, including the tonsils) and the larynx (the voice box). In Nepal, Oral cancer cases were reported at 4.9 new cases per 100,000 men, based on a report generated. Mouth cancer is a serious condition that can be life-threatening if not caught and treated early. In this blog post, we will discuss everything you should know about Oral cancer, including its causes, symptoms, and treatment options. Which Body Parts Are Affected From Mouth cancer? The oral cavity is the area of the body that includes the lips, tongue, gums, cheeks, and hard and soft palates. It also includes the teeth, the floor of the mouth, and the area behind the wisdom teeth. Any of these areas can be affected by Oral cancer. • The lips are the most common area for lip cancer to develop. Lip cancer typically appears as a sore or a scaly patch on the lip that does not heal. • The tongue is another common area for Mouth cancer to develop. The cancerous cells may appear as a red or white patch on the tongue or as a sore that does not heal. • The gums are also a common area for Oral cancer to develop. The cancerous cells may appear as a red or white patch on the gums or as a sore that does not heal. • The cheeks, floor of the mouth, and the area behind the wisdom teeth are also areas that can be affected by Mouth cancer. In these areas, cancerous cells may appear as red or white patches or as sores that do not heal. It’s important to note that Oral cancer can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes in the neck. Causes and Risk Factors of Mouth cancer The exact cause of Mouth cancer is not known, but certain risk factors have been identified that increase the likelihood of developing the disease. The most common risk factors for Mouth cancer include the following: • Tobacco use: Smoking cigarettes or using smokeless tobacco (such as chewing tobacco or snuff) is the leading cause of Oral cancer.  • Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol use is also a major risk factor for Oral cancer. • Age: Mouth cancer is more common in people over the age of 50. • HPV infection: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted virus that has been linked to certain types of Oral cancer, particularly in the oropharynx.  • Sun exposure: Long-term sun exposure increases the risk of lip cancer. Symptoms of Mouth cancer There can be a variety of symptoms associated with Mouth cancer, depending on the location and stage of the disease. Some of the most common symptoms are: • You may experience pain or numbness at the corners of your mouth or on your lips • Unhealed sores or lumps on the lips or in the mouth • Having difficulty swallowing or speaking • A change in the way the teeth fit together during the mouth is close. • A white or red patch on the gums, tongue, or lining of the mouth • A sore throat or hoarseness that does not go away • A lump in the neck • Weight loss. It’ is important to know that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, such as cold sores or infections. However, if you experience any of these symptoms, be sure to see a doctor (oral/mouth cancer surgeon) or dentist to be examined. Diagnosis of Mouth cancer Diagnosing Mouth cancer involves identifying the signs and symptoms of the disease, as well as performing specific tests to confirm the diagnosis. If your doctor (Head and neck cancer surgeon) or dentist suspects that you may have Oral cancer, they will perform a thorough examination of your mouth and throat. They may also order additional tests, such as a biopsy, to confirm the diagnosis. Follow these steps to diagnosing Mouth cancer: Oral examination:  The first step in diagnosing Oral cancer is a thorough examination of the mouth and throat. During this exam, the dentist or doctor (oral/ mouth cancer surgeon) will look for any suspicious sores, lumps, or discolorations in the oral cavity. They may also feel for any lumps or hard areas in the lymph nodes in the neck. Biopsy:  If the oral examination reveals any suspicious areas, the next step is a biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small piece of tissue from the suspicious area and analyzing it under a microscope. The only way to confirm an Oral cancer diagnosis is through a biopsy. Imaging tests:  Imaging tests, such as an X-ray, CT scan, or MRI, may be used to determine the stage of cancer and to check if it has spread to other parts of the body. Endoscopy:  An endoscopy may be performed to examine the throat, larynx, and pharynx. This procedure involves using a thin, lighted tube to look inside the throat. Other tests: Other tests such as blood tests, may be performed to check for the presence of cancer cells in the blood or to check the overall health of the patient. Preventive Measures of Mouth cancer? Preventing Mouth cancer is crucial to avoid the disease and its complications. Here are some preventive measures that can help reduce the risk of oral cancer: Quit smoking: Smoking and using smokeless tobacco are the leading cause of Oral cancer. Quitting smoking and avoiding smokeless tobacco can significantly reduce the risk of Mouth cancer. Limit alcohol consumption:  Heavy alcohol use is a major risk factor for Oral cancer. Limiting alcohol consumption can significantly reduce the risk of Oral cancer. Practice safe sun practices:  Prolonged exposure to the sun can increase the risk of … Read more

Oral Cancer Surgery

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Oral cancer surgery

Oral Cancer Surgery For most people who have oral cancer, surgery is the primary treatment. It is usually possible to remove these tumors through the opening of the oral cavity, but in some cases, a more extensive surgical procedure may be required. Your surgical options will be determined by factors such as your tumor’s size, stage, and location. Types of Oral Cancer surgery: One or more of the following procedures may be recommended depending on the stage of your oral cancer. We provide an in-depth guide to the different types of operations used to treat oral cancer. Tumour resection: A tumour resection is an operation that removes the tumour. In an effort to eradicate as many cancer cells as possible, the margin, which surrounds the tumour, is also removed during this procedure. Often, a small tumour can be removed through the mouth if it is easily reached. Tumours that are larger or harder to reach may require incisions in the neck, face, or jawbone. Full or partial mandible resection : It is occasionally necessary to remove the mandible or perform a mandibulectomy when the tumour has grown into the jaw bone. The jawbone is removed in part or in its entirety during this procedure. Only a small piece of the bone may be removed if an X-ray shows the jawbone is normal and no cancer cells are found in the area. On the other hand, if the X-ray shows cancer in the jawbone, it may be necessary to remove the entire bone. Glossectomy: Depending on the size oftumourtumor, the type of glossectomy used to remove tongue cancer may vary. In cases of very small tumours, a partial glossectomy may be used to treat them. The entire tongue may need to be removed if the tumour is large enough to require a glossectomy. Maxillectomy: In this operation, the hard palate, which forms the front of the mouth, is removed. In some cases, a denture can be used to fill the hole left by the surgery. You will likely be referred to a prosthodontist by your doctor in order to have a prosthesis tailored to your mouth. In cases where the jawbone is removed in large portions or completely, a prosthesis may not be possible. In this case, it may be necessary to reconstruct the maxilla surgically. Laryngectomy: An oncologist performs a laryngectomy by removing both the voice box and the primary tumour. To remove as many cancer cells as possible, some tissue involved in swallowing may need to be removed when a large tumour has grown on the tongue or in the oropharynx. This process can result in food entering the windpipe (trachea) and the lungs, causing pneumonia. Occasionally, a laryngectomy is recommended when pneumonia is likely to occur. As part of this procedure, a hole in the neck’s skin is used to connect the windpipe to the lungs. After having a laryngectomy, it is not guaranteed that a patient will no longer be able to speak. What Are The Possible Oral Cancer Surgery Procedures? In some circumstances, it may be possible to regain vocal function following a laryngectomy through the use of several techniques. Neck dissection : When lymph nodes in the neck have been affected by oral cancer, this type of surgery is used to remove them. There are different treatment options for lymph node cancer based on its size and extent, including the following: • Selective or partial neck dissection to remove only part of a lymph node • A radical neck dissection is sometimes performed to remove most lymph nodes between the jawbone and collarbone on one side of the neck, as well as some muscles and nerves • Extensive muscle, nerve, and vein removal along with a radical neck dissection to remove nearly all lymph nodes in one side Pedicle or free flap Reconstruction: A large tumour may require some kind of repair in the mouth, throat or neck after it has been removed. It is sometimes necessary to perform a skin graft. A thin slice of skin is removed from the thigh and reattached to the oral cavity area that needs repair. Depending on the size of the defect, a piece of muscle or skin may need to be shifted from a nearby area, such as the chest. Microsurgery : The advancement of microvascular surgery has aided in the reconstruction of the oral cavity and oropharynx through the attachment of blood vessels under a microscope. As a result of these techniques, it may be possible to replace parts of the mouth, throat, or jawbone with tissue derived from distant parts of the body, such as the intestines, arm muscles, abdominal muscles, or even lower leg bones. Tracheostomy:  An opening in the windpipe and front of the neck may be made if a tumour in the oropharynx is too large to be completely removed. In some cases, the removal of a tumour may result in extensive swelling of the neck. A temporary tracheostomy, which is an incision made in the trachea, may be performed by your surgical oncology team to help ease your breathing until the swelling subsides. Gastrostomy tube:  It is sometimes possible to place a gastrostomy tube directly into the stomach. If an oral cavity or oropharynx cancer is preventing swallowing, this approach may be recommended. It may be possible to provide adequate nutrition to the patient via a gastrostomy tube. It is also possible to insert a feeding tube through the mouth into the stomach. A camera is attached to the end of a long, thin tube to perform this procedure, known as a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, or PEG. A tube may be used to deliver liquid nutrients. Depending on the situation, these tubes may be inserted for a short or long time. You may leave them in after treatment if necessary to keep yourself healthy and fed. Once normal eating has been resumed, the tube can easily be removed. Dental extraction and implants:  It is possible to have to remove your … Read more

What is a Thyroid cancer?

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What is Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer is a type of cancer that affects the thyroid gland and is still relatively uncommon but becoming more prevalent. With a five-year survival rate of more than 98% for papillary thyroid cancer and more than 80% for follicular thyroid cancer, the prognosis for thyroid cancer is usually favourable. However, medullary and anaplastic thyroid cancers have a worse prognosis and a reduced survival rate. Early detection and prompt therapy are essential for a successful course of treatment and a favourable prognosis. Anyone susceptible to developing thyroid cancer or who has a family history of the condition should undergo routine checkups and monitoring exams. Thyroid cancer is the growth of cells that originates in the thyroid. The thyroid is a small gland with a butterfly-like structure present at the base of the neck that produces hormones that regulate metabolism. Thyroid cancer: How common is it? With only 3% of all tumours being thyroid cancer, it is comparatively uncommon. But in recent years, its prevalence has grown. People in their 30s and older suffer from it the most frequently. It is two to three times more common in women than in men. What are the types of thyroid cancer? There are four main types: What are the risks factors of thyroid cancer? When the DNA of thyroid cells is altered, leading to the cells’ uncontrollable development and the growth of a lump, then risk factor is arise. Although the precise cause of thyroid cancer is unknown, several factors can elevate the risk such as: What signs and symptoms are present in thyroid cancer? Depending on the type and stage of cancer, symptoms can be change. There may be no symptoms at all in many cases, and cancer would only be noticed while a routine physical examination or imaging test. However, some typical signs and symptoms of this cancer are: How to diagnosis thyroid cancer? It is usually diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, such as In addition, thyroid hormone levels may be further examined via blood tests to check for any irregularities. How to treat thyroid cancer? This cancer is treatment is depending on the type and stage of the disease, the patient’s age, and overall health.  Treatments comprise: Surgery: Surgery is typically the primary treatment for cancer. Sometimes it may be necessary to remove the complete thyroid gland. Radiation therapy: Following surgery, radiation treatment can be used to shrink tumours that cannot be surgically removed or to eradicate any cancer cells that may still be present. Radioiodine therapy: Radioiodine shrinks and kills cancerous cells in addition to the diseased thyroid tissue. the thyroid gland absorbs the majority of the radioiodine, and the remaining of your body is only slightly exposed to radiation. Chemotherapy: rarely used to treat thyroid cancer. It is useful in the last stage. Introduction to Head and Neck Cancer – Dr. Prabhat Chandra Thakur Best Oral Cancer, Thyroid Cancer, Head and Neck Cancer Surgeon in Nepal Dr. Prabhat Chandra Thakur Designation: Consultant & Unit Chief/Program Director Head & Neck Oncology Qualification: MBBS, MS(ORL-HNS), Fellowship Head & Neck Oncology Department: Head and Neck Oncology Unit Special interest: Reconstructive surgery and Minimal Invasive surgery in Head & Neck Contact Now

Introduction to Head and Neck Cancer

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Introduction to Head and Neck Cancer

A six-to-one ratio exists between men and women who suffer from head and neck cancer. Fludeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT imaging has been used in several studies to stage, monitor, plan radiation therapy, and assess long-term follow-up in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This chapter discusses evidence-based recommendations regarding PET/CT examinations in head and neck cancers in addition to clinical information, benign findings, and risks of FDG PET/CT reading. What is Head and Neck Cancer? Cancer that appears in the mouth, throat, nose, salivary glands, oral cavity, and other parts of the head and neck is referred to as “head and neck cancer.” The most common type of head and neck cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. It comes from the tissues that border the throat, mouth, and nose.Human papillomavirus (HPV) exposure or a history of smoking are usually linked to squamous cell carcinoma. Salivary gland tumors, lymphomas, and sarcomas are a few less prevalent kinds of head andneck cancer. These malignancies can begin in any of the following locations:• The larynx, or voice box.• The nasal cavity is the space behind the nose where air travels.during breathing before reaching the throat.• mouth or oral cavity, which includes your tonsils, tongue, gums, andlips.• The gaps surrounding the nose that are coated with mucus-producing cells prevent the nose from drying out. Additionally, whether you sing or speak, they provide the space for your voice to resound.• The pharynx or the throat.• salivary glands, which produce saliva to keep meals wet and aid in digestion. Types Of Head and Neck Cancer There are five primary forms of head and neck cancer, each of which is identified by the region of the body in which it manifests. Let’s have a look at a particular types of head and neck cancer for further details. Cancer of the Larynx and Hypopharynx The voice box is another name for the larynx. This neck-based tube-shaped organ is crucial for speaking, swallowing, and breathing. It is situated at the very top of the trachea, the windpipe. The gullet isanother name for the hypopharynx. The larynx is covered by the bottom portion of the neck. Cancer of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity The area just behind the nose through which air travels on its journey to the throat is known as the nasal cavity. The air-filled regions that surround the nasal cavity are known as the paranasal sinuses. Cancer of Nasopharynx The airway behind the nose in the top region of the throat is called the nasopharynx. Cancer Of the Thyroid And Parathyroid The mouth and tongue are parts of the oral cavity. The center of the throat, from the tonsils to the tip of the voice box, is referred to as the oropharynx. Cancer Of The Salivary Glands Saliva is produced by the salivary gland. Saliva, which includes enzymes that start breaking down food, is the fluid that is secreted into the mouth to keep it moist. Skin Cancer Of Head Neck Region Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when skin cells undergo abnormal growth and division. Generally, it occurs on exposed skin areas, such as the head and neck, where it is most prevalent. Symptoms of Head and Neck Cancer Head and neck cancer is rarely symptomatic when it is in its early stages. Symptoms of cancer can, however, appear when it spreads. Depending on where in the head or neck the cancer is located,symptoms might include:• Bleeding from the throat or mouth.• Breathing difficulties or loud breathing• Headaches.• Issues with hearing or earache. • Your mouth may have lumps, pimples, or swelling.• a nodule or bump on your neck.• Nosebleeds.• You feel numb in your mouth.• persistent discomfort or numbness in your neck, head, upper jaw, orface.• difficulty chewing or swallowing, or both.• patches of red or white on the tongue, gums, or mouth lining.• persistent sinus or nasal discomfort or obstruction.• continuous hoarseness or other vocal abnormalities, such as slurredspeaking• Hearing ringing.• a mouth ulcer or sore that doesn’t go away after a few weeks.• either double vision or eye swelling• neck lymph nodes that are swollen. Risk Factors and Causes of Head and Neck Cancer Cancers of the head and neck are associated with a number of risk factors. Alcohol and cigarette use are the primary risk factors. Head and neck cancer is more likely to occur in people over 40, and men are nearly three times more likely than women to get it. Compared to other Australians, those who identify as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander are more likely to acquire head and neck cancer. Other danger signs consist of:• The human papillomavirus (HPV) and the Epstein-Barr virus, amongother viruses, have been connected to head and neck cancers.• a lowered immunological response• Gum disease and poor oral hygiene have both been associated withoral cavity cancers.• being fat or overweight• betel nut, areca nut, gutka, or pan smoking or eating• using the sun (for head and neck skin cancer) • having received head and neck radiation treatment in the past• inheriting a disease like Fanconi anemia or Li-Fraumeni syndromethat is connected to head and neck cancer. How to Diagnose Head and Neck Cancer? Your healthcare professional will examine you and perhaps recommend diagnostic testing.These examinations and testing might involve:• a physical examination to assess the tongue, throat, neck, and nasaland oral canals. Additionally, your doctor may feel lumps on your neck, lips, gums, and cheeks.• Endoscopy: To inspect your voice box, throat, nasal cavity, or any other location where you are having symptoms, your doctor uses an endoscope, a thin, lighted tube. During the procedure, there is no painand it is done in a clinic setting.• tests in a lab using blood, urine, or other bodily samples• neck and head images of the regions within your head and neck can be produced using X-rays, CAT scans, MRIs, or PET scans. Which tests will best assess your symptoms will be decided by your doctor.Your doctor performs a biopsy, removing tissue for … Read more